Chlamydia Essay -- essays research papers

Chlamydia trachomatis is the most widespread and infamous bacterial infection affecting the genital tract. Not only is it quite common in developed countries but an increase in cases has sprung up in developing countries as well. In the United States, there is a 4 million per year case rate of chlamydia which costs the US approximately $2 billion dollars in consequences and treatments. Persons who suffer from chlamydia in underdeveloped countries and have no means of seeking treatment may become blind because chlamydia has the potential of causing trachoma. It is becoming a global interest to control and restrain this budding disease. In order to do so it is essential to recognize the symptoms of chlamydia, diagnose the victim, and provide treatment immediately.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Observing symptoms of chlamydia is often a difficult process considering that 75% of females and 50% of males are asymptomatic; for those who are infected and do show symptoms, there are obvious signs directly connected to the chlamydia bacterium. In infected females, purulent discharge and a burning sensation while urinating are common indicators. The irregular discharge can be mistaken for normal vaginal discharge making this indicator slightly less conspicuous. These signs are caused by the bacterium’s concentration on the cervix and urethra and is classified as an acute endocervical infection. Other signs in the female are spotting between menstrual periods, fever, and severe back and abdominal pain. In males, burning sensation and discharge from the penis also occur. In addition, pain around the opening of the penis as well as soreness of the testicles can be observed. These symptoms occur from epididymitis. The contraction of chlamydia through anal pe netration can lead to rectal discharge, bleeding, and pain. If symptoms appear the next stage is to verify that the symptoms are directly related to the chlamydia bacterium. There are a number of methods in the process of diagnosing a potential case of the chlamydia trachomatis bacteria. Classic methods of diagnosis have been centered on cell culture; the â€Å"culture era† began in the 1970s and proceeded into the late 1980s. Cell culture â€Å"was the inoculation of clinical material into animals, embryonated hens eggs or tissue culture cells and the demonstration of characteristic chlamydial inclusions.† Minor complication... ...s were tested for chlamydia through IgG antibodies and the PCR process. The study concluded that IgG antibodies in males were associated with lower pregnancy rates and a higher IgG antibodies count in the woman. There is a higher occurrence of IgG antibodies in the infertile couples than in fertile couples. After some treatment, the odds ratio of not successfully completing pregnancy with the male being chlamydia trachomatis positive is 2.6. In those couples that were not treated, the odds ratio is much higher at about 3.9. The study deems it â€Å"cost-beneficial† to screen infertile couples by means of the PCR tests because it is been deemed â€Å"cost-effective† in places where the chlamydia bacteria was very common. The chlamydia trachomatis disease is on the rise so further studies and research is quite necessary to maintain a tight grip on this epidemic. Innovative diagnosis will assist persons infected with chlamydia to identify the disease in early stages to help reduce further complications and cost concerns. Advancement in treatments will evidently be beneficial for those with acute and chronic stages of chlamydia which will also reduce costs as well as grief to those infected.

Public Space Planning

Public space provides the grounds for cities to be seen and experienced. Whether it is a square, a market, or a park, public space in cities has been noted as the place where ideas are exchanged, city identity is built and citizenship is learned (Carr et al. , 1992; Low, 2000; Goodsell, 2003). Such places are important and even necessary for citizens to enjoy a good quality of life and well-being (Relph, 1993). Historically, public places have played an important role in cities in many cultures.Public spaces such as the Greek agora, Spanish plaza, and colonial town square provided a place for markets, celebrations and civic life to flourish (Carr et al. , 1992). In modern cities public spaces play many diverse roles; they are sites of recreation, economic development, consumption and community; they take shape as plazas, parks and urban entertainment areas; they mean many things to many people and can establish an identity for a neighborhood or a city at large. Public spaces, in any incarnation, are important to civic life (Goodsell, 2003).While we may have a good understanding of why public spaces are important in cities, what is still largely unknown is how the planning process itself contributes to the development of these important places. In addition to understanding the role of public spaces in cities today, the means of public space creation, the underlying interests, processes, and motivations involved with their construction, must also be scrutinized and better understood in order to come to a full understanding of how public spaces achieve their desired goals.Two case studies were chosen to illustrate approaches to public space planning: Toronto’s Yonge Dundas Square and the City of Mississauga’s City Centre Parks. These sites were chosen because of their similarities and also because of their differences. Both sites were intended to achieve similar goals of creating a sense of place and creating new opportunities for economic developmen t in their cities. Their efforts, though, are taking place in very different contexts and employ different planning approaches.In Mississauga, a rapidly growing city with a developing downtown core, a â€Å"placemaking† process featuring public workshops and staff training was used. In the Yonge Dundas Square example, located at one of Toronto’s historic commercial nodes, a public-private partnership was used to achieve the goals of the project. In addition, the cases are also at different stages in their development. The Mississauga project has only completed its initial visioning and preliminary design stages while the Yonge Dundas Square project is nearing completion.In choosing these disparate cases, I was able to explore the strengths and weaknesses of different styles of public space planning. Specifically, these cases allowed me to investigate differences between what seemed to be a tightly controlled planning process in Yonge Dundas Square and a seemly very pub lic planning process in Mississauga. Ultimately, the comparison of these cases helped me to elicit relevant criticisms and policy recommendations for planners of public space, regardless of the process they are working within.Through research about these case studies, key informant interviews and in-depth analysis of planning documents and relevant literature this report presents a critique of public space planning processes practiced in the context of Yonge Dundas Square and the City Centre Parks. While having goals that use the language of sense of place, the planning processes employed are more effective in serving the economic goals of the projects. Because socio-cultural goals like sense of place are defined broadly and grow over time, the planning process does little to directly address them.Ultimately this report suggests that socio-cultural goals like sense of place should not be removed as a goal of public space planning, but rather, the planning process should attempt to r econcile economic and socio-cultural goals. By increasing awareness of the importance of the socio-cultural function of public space through educational outreach to developers and the public at large, as well as by incorporating socio-cultural goals into long-term strategic plans and mission statements, municipalities can more effectively create public spaces that are not only economically strong, but also socially important to their citizens.

The Field Of School Psychology - 866 Words

The field of School Psychology started with the emergence of special education services in the early nineteen hundreds. Professionals were needed to assist with the selection and placement of children within such services. This led to the development of the profession of School Psychologists. However, it did not stop there it continued with Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon creating the â€Å"first practical intelligence test battery, which assessed higher level cognitive skills and produced substantial correlations with measures of school achievement.† (NYASP 2012) The development of group standardized tests was mainly influenced by World War 1. This development of individual ability and achievement tests assisted in defining the primary roles and functions of the first school psychologists. These tests were used in differentiating students with different abilities and achievement levels. They became the main instruments used by psychologists in school or educational settings. It wasn’t until 1945 that the American Psychological Association (APA) classified School Psychology as a specialty. The National Association of School Psychologists (NASP) was then formed in 1969 allowing the profession a more secure establishment. It was during the 1980’s when the roles and functions of school psychologists changed from â€Å"assessment and placement intensive† to â€Å"preferential assessment, interventions, and at least secondary prevention for at risk groups.† (NYASP 2012) Relatively, theseShow MoreRelatedThe School Of Thought And The Field Of Psychology1555 Words   |  7 PagesThe school of thought and its central contribution to the field of psychology Carl Roger’s central contribution to the field of psychology involved his theory of personality. This theory was unique with the capability to be applied in various domains of helping professions including psychotherapy and counseling, education, organizations, cross-cultural relations, and other group settings (n/a, 2015). In the evolving stage of this theory, Roger’s had been frustrated with the authoritative analysisRead MorePsychology : Psychology And Psychology1630 Words   |  7 PagesPsychology is a very broad field of study and requires a lot of research when choosing a career. The education that is required for pursuing a career in the field of psychology depends on the type of psychologist you want to be. Most psychology programs require at least a master s degree to pursue a psychologist career, but some may require a doctoral degree. It is important to know the educational requirements as well as state requirements when entering the field of psychology. So uthwestern hasRead MoreSimilarities And Differences Between Counselling, Clinical, And School Psychology1502 Words   |  7 PagesAREAS OF SPECIALIZATIONS IN PSYCHOLOGY: SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES IN COUNSELLING, CLINICAL, AND SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGY Psychology, a social science that deals with the study of behaviour and mental processes is an evolving field that has over nineteen (19) major areas of specializations. New areas are being developed and existing areas are evolving to address the needs that arise to understand human behaviour and also how adjustments can be made. Every field in psychology is designed to solve conflictsRead MoreAiding The Future. Beginning At A Very Early Age, Children1692 Words   |  7 Pagesemotional disorder such as anxiety, schizophrenia, and depression, there is a need for trained professionals in school settings to help identify these problems early on in students and guide them on the right path to success and achievement. In order to meet this need, elementary school psychologists work to better the lives of those struggling with behavioral problems. Elementary school psychologists communicate with teachers, staff, and pupils to identify children who are at risk of prolonged developmentRead MoreEssay on Choosing Psychology as a Career1558 Words   |  7 Pages Psychology is the study of the mind, its biology, and behavior if the individual. The father of psychology, Wilhelm Wundt, used objective measurement and controlled analyzing to find and emphasize separation between psychology and philosophy (McLeod). Wundt opened the Institute for Experimental Psychology at the University of Leipzig in Germany in 1879, using his background in physiology to study reactions and sensations (McLeod). There is no doubt that he, along with the later help of SigmundRead MoreThe Florida Association Of School Psychologists1724 Words   |  7 PagesThe Florida association of school psychologist has come about years after of the field of psychology’s birth. It wasn’t until dozens of policies began being put into place and modified, tests being created and proper training being established, that the job of a school psychologist was formed. As more time passed and people have become more and more aware of school psychologist and their roles, orga nizations aimed at continuing to grow and better the field were created. In particular, the FloridaRead MoreExamination of Clinical Psychology1665 Words   |  7 PagesClinical psychology is a broad science that involves psychologists ensuring the mental well-being of a patient. Its focus is diagnosing, treating, and if possible, averting psychological disorders. The field of clinical psychology applies to every demographic from young children to the elderly, families or individuals, and one’s socioeconomic status is not a factor in whether he or she should receive treatment. Clinical psychology deals with a broad range of specialties, including individuals whoRead MoreEssay on Psychology in 2008921 Words   |  4 PagesPsychology in 2008 â€Å"The roots of psychology can be traced back through centuries. Cave men and cave women probably wondered why each behaved as they did. Since at least the time of Socrates, Plato and Aristotle in ancient Greece, psychological topics have inspired lively curiosity† (Bernstein, 6). In 1879, founded by Wilhelm Wundt the science of psychology was born. Since then psychology has been and always will be an ever-growing scientific field. In a field that focuses around human thoughtRead More Psychology Religion: The Spirtual Side to Counseling Essay1104 Words   |  5 Pages Abstract: In today’s society the field of psychology and the study of religion have hardly ever set will with one another. New information is being composed about the two fields working together, this paper is a brief description of those ideas and thoughts. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The psychological study of religion in the United States illustrates tensions and opportunities that exist between psychology and religion. It also demonstrates the multifaceted viewsRead MorePersonal Reflection1083 Words   |  5 Pagesabout the field of psychology and how to best use the resources provided for me at The University of Southern Mississippi. From the class lectures to the psychology small groups all of these things have prepared me for my journey as a psychology major. Throughout the semester I have learned so many things about myself. I learned I have a lot of bad habits that are hindering my success as a student. For example, my study and sleeping habits. Things that were sufficient in high school are not exactly

Definition and Examples of an Antonym in English

An antonym is a word having a meaning opposite to that of another word, such as hot and cold, short and tall. An antonym is the antonym of synonym. Adjective: antonymous. Another word for antonym is counterterm. Antonymy is the sense relation that exists between words which are opposite in meaning. Edward Finnegan defines antonymy as a binary relationship between terms with complementary meanings. Its sometimes said that antonymy occurs most often among adjectives, but  as Steven Jones et al. point out, its more accurate to say that antonym relations are more central to the adjective classes than to other classes. Nouns can be antonyms (for example, courage and cowardice), as can verbs (arrive and depart), adverbs (carefully and carelessly), and even prepositions (above and below).   Examples and Observations You forget what you want to remember and you remember what you want to forget.Every day I remind myself that my inner and outer life are based on the labors of other men, living and dead and that I must exert myself in order to give in the same measure as I have received and am still receiving.Opposition and ParallelismFactors that contribute to particularly good antonym pairings may relate to more than just the two items semantic oppositeness; for instance, the pairing of increase and decrease is supported by their rhyme and the perception of a parallel morphology, as well as their semantic opposition.Three Types of AntonymsLinguists identify three types of antonymy: (1) Gradable antonyms, which operate on a continuum: (very) big, (very) small. Such pairs often occur in binomial phrases with and: (blow) hot and cold, (search) high and low. (2) Complementary antonyms, which express an either/or relationship: dead or alive, male or female. (3) Converse or relational antonyms, expressi ng reciprocity: borrow or lend, buy or sell, wife or husband.The Lighter Side of AntonymsA man in the Land of the Houyhnhnms,Had a large collection of antonyms;He would say, This is great!Theyre in pairs, so they mate,Unlike synonyms, and, of course, homonyms.(W. S. Brownlee) Pronunciation AN-ti-nim Source: Tom McArthur, Antonym. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford Univ. Press, 1992. Steven Jones et al.,  Antonyms in English: Construals, Constructions, and Canonicity. Cambridge University Press, 2012. Albert Einstein, The World As I See It, 1931. Cormac McCarthy, The Road. Knopf, 2006.

Macbeth Influence Of The Supernatural - 2958 Words

Macbeth Essay- Influence of the Supernatural â€Å"The supernatural is the natural not yet understood.† (Elbert Hubbard) Within the realm of Williams Shakespeare’s â€Å"Macbeth†, supernatural elements play a prevalent role throughout the telling of the tragedy. Created in a time period in which fear of the unknown ran high and belief in the supernatural was rampant, the incorporation of mystical components resulted in a compelling story for the people of the Elizabethan era. Moving forward into the modern age, today we can see that the paranormal is not only a captivating aspect of the play, but a crucial piece in determining the end result of the production. Integral to the sequence of events that occur, the supernatural is a motif that acts as a major driving force throughout the play, influencing various themes and subjects. Without it, many of the characters would lack the proper motivation to commit the actions that they did. With the arrival of supernatura l characters, an air of suspense and dramatic atmosphere is created, as all otherworldly beings appear to play a pivotal role in the drama. The Three Witches first appear in Act 1, and from the start, it is evident that they play a crucial role in influencing the actions of characters such as Macbeth and Banquo. This allows the supernatural to have a strong effect on the theme of ambition, as powerful desires to achieve an outcome are invoked within characters following the proclamation of prophecies. In addition, theShow MoreRelated The Influence of the Supernatural in William Shakespeares Macbeth2198 Words   |  9 PagesThe Influence of the Supernatural in William Shakespeares Macbeth Dramatic impact is the effect on the audience. Macbeth is a play designed to be performed for and to involve the audience. Dramatic influence is the way supernatural has effect upon the characters in the play. In Shakespeares time, most people believed in witches and witchcraft and they were the objects of morbid and fevered fascination. Persecution reached terrifying proportions. Between 1560 andRead MoreImportance Of Shakespeare s Macbeth 1519 Words   |  7 Pages Importance of the Witches in Macbeth by William Shakespeare Throughout all of history, witches are known for practicing magic and creating prophecies to predict any future. In any scene involving witches, it is important to know their role in the play, whether they change the outcome of the play or simply influenced it, and the supernatural features the play comes along with in its time. In No Fear Shakespeare Macbeth by William Shakespeare, the play starts out withRead MoreThe Supernatural Evil Within Lady Macbeth in Shakespeare’s Macbeth1561 Words   |  6 Pagesgenders. With this in mind, Shakespeare’s Macbeth heightens the supernatural evil possessing Lady Macbeth as she condones murder for her own selfish ambition, while in Shakespeare’s time women were regarded as peaceful and full of feminine sympathies. This anachronism with the reality of Shakespeare’s day, illustrates the immense sense of wickedness and abnormality emphasizing her character’s influence on her husband and the plot of the p lay. In contrast, Macbeth appears to some extent a more acceptableRead MoreAnalysis Of The Tragedy Of Macbeth1207 Words   |  5 Pages The ‘Tragedy of Macbeth’ (also known as ‘Macbeth’) is a play written by William Shakespeare and it was first performed in 1606. This play presents plenty of themes through the action and dialogue throughout the play. Although the play is universally and most commonly referred to as the dark tragedy presented by Shakespeare. The most common themes that were introduced to the audience tend to be femininity versus masculinity, pride and honor, the role of supernatural, temptation and evil and a lotRead MoreSupernatural Malevolence In Macbeth Essay958 Words   |  4 Pages The Supernatural Malevolence in Macbeth In William Shakespeare’s time, around the 1600’s, the idea that the supernatural existed was very common. It often can be found in his works, as he has a weakness for dark themes and tragedies. In Macbeth, an impressionable, Scottish General goes to great lengths in order to achieve the title of The King. Witchcraft looms incessantly throughout the play, creating destruction and decay in its path. The supernatural that lingers over Macbeth has a vitalRead MoreSupernatural Elements In Shakespeares Macbeth1305 Words   |  6 PagesPowerful Influences: Supernatural Elements in Macbeth How might one’s power be altered if influenced by a mystical power? In William Shakespeare’s Macbeth, unearthly presences can control an individual’s perspective on authority. Firstly, the support of a supernatural premonition will augment one’s desire for power. Secondly, the intervention of sinister prophecies changes an individual’s perspective on authority. Finally, God’s divine will impact one’s view on a supposedly corrupt sovereignty.Read MoreEssay On Supernatural Manipulation In Macbeth773 Words   |  4 PagesThe play, Macbeth, is established around the central idea that once you have completely abandoned your mind, morals, and being you lose everything you have. It is clear that the acts committed by the conflicted and mislead Macbeth, have the potential to shatter him as a mortal, such is the overall theme of Macbeth. But, when contemplating the presence of the unnatural forces in the play it is difficult to truly deciphe r what is meant by their intentions. The intervention of the supernatural evidentlyRead MoreMacbeth Themes899 Words   |  4 Pages â€Å"What are the major themes in Macbeth† By Connor Maguire William Shakespeare’s Macbeth a play complete with many themes and viewpoints. The themes are exhibited by the main characters of the play, notably antagonist Macbeth. Themes seen in the play include ambition, where is is portrayed as both dangerous and unnatural. However, it does exist in both good and evil forms in the play. Another theme seen is whether Macbeths actions in the play are a result of fate, or free will. Although outsideRead MoreEssay on Superstition in William Shakespeares Macbeth1284 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Shakespeares Macbeth Throughout Elizabethan times, Witches and witchcraft were considered to be in existence. Seeing a large proportion of the female community being condemned to death, which involved either drowning, hanging or being burnt at the stake was quite plausible at this time. Such savage practices were urged on by macabre and fevered fantasy of the supernatural. In my essay I intendRead MoreSupernatural Elements Of Macbeth By William Shakespeare1076 Words   |  5 PagesSupernatural Forces In Macbeth 1)Even today people struggle with whether or not to believe in supernatural forces, such as ghosts or witchcraft, but those who would admit that they let the supernatural guide their behaviors and predict their futures would be harder to find. 2) Shakespeare’s play, Macbeth, takes place during medieval times when many people believed strongly in the presence and power of witchcraft and in the supernatural. 3) In Macbeth, Shakespeare uses three witches, a floating dagger

Kenaf Free Essays

Kenaf composites experience a number of damage modes under dynamic compression loading. Therefore, in order to understand the overall behavior of the Kenaf composite, it is necessary to identify the different types of impact damage that occurred. Damage of composites such as cracking constituents usually occur and are not totally visible. We will write a custom essay sample on Kenaf or any similar topic only for you Order Now To understand it, examination and analysis of specimens are needed. Microscope observation was used to observe the morphology of fractures of tested samples. This technique has been largely considered in various investigations of composites. The observed images of the fractured specimens under dynamic compressive test are shown in figure 9. On the top surface, it can be seen that the impact damage spreads throughout the specimen. These damage modes include degradation of the fiber/matrix bond strength and eventual debonding, matrix cracks, and fiber splitting, resulting in overall stiffness and strength degradation of the composite. This failure of the matrix material can originate from various loading conditions. In all cases, cracks initiate or propagate within the matrix or at the interface between fiber and matrix, if the respective loading condition of normal stresses or shear stresses exceeds the local strength of the matrix or interface, respectively. While bulk of the failure involves cracking of matrix, or interface debonding, fiber splitting may occur especially if fiber itself is weak in transverse direction, and the unidirectional composite is highly aligned in transverse direction. Referring to Fig. 7, longitudinal ply splitting or matrix fractures parallel to the fibre direction occurs and extends from the top and to the bottom surfaces. So, at the moment of impact, stress concentration is generated at the contact point where the matrix cracks and fiber bundles split. On the one hand, the stress wave propagates along the fiber direction, the fiber bundles act as the main load-bearing object, and fewer cracks can be seen along the longitudinal direction. Moreover, Figs. 9 shows a higher extent of fiber splitting and bending, which confirmed lower fiber-matrix adhesion, also indicates fibers were carrying higher load share than matrix (Ku et al. 2011).Based on the results of the experimental investigation, bonding at the fiber-matrix interface is identified as the dominant compressive failure mechanism in Kenaf composites which controlling the mechanical performance. Previous study have also shown that debonding of the fiber/matrix interface has caused substantial degradation in the transverse response of a composite, resulting in an early degradation in the stress-strain curve [33]. Besides, multiaxial tests conducted by Lissenden, et al. [34] on SiCTi tubular specimens revealed that fiber/matrix interfacial debonding plays an important role in the axial shear response. The mechanical properties of natural fibre reinforced composites highly depend on the interface adhesion property between the fibres and the polymer matrix as have been reported by many researchers [5–8] How to cite Kenaf, Papers

Retailing in Asian Pacific Region

Question: Discuss about the Retailing in Asian Pacific Region. Answer: Introduction: This Report outlays the retail management between two countries that are India and Australia. It has been discussed about the retail trade similarities between India and Australia, and in what ways they are similar. After that it has been discussed that in what ways these countries differ in retail trade, and in what ways they differ. In retail trade there are markets like, supermarket/ hypermarket, convenience market, department store and various more, which are discussed in detail below. Australia has GDP of $1.34 trillion, and has 12th rank in the world, whereas India has GDP of $2.1trillion, and has rank 7th in the world (Nation master. Com,2016). Retail Trade in India: According to Global Retail Development Index (GRDI) it is expected in 2020 Indian retail market would be approximately US$1trillion from US$600 billion. With the increase in internet users in India it is expected to be India as the worlds largest e-commerce market (ibef). There have been seen unorganized trend in India retail outlets. There are approximately 5 million outlets but most of them are unorganized. It has also been seen that most of the retail outlets are smaller in the area as compare to the standards set by the retail trade organization. Organized sector usually consists of activities which are undertaken through license like who are sales tax payers, income tax payers. While the unorganized sector consists of shops, handicrafts, etc. This has laid down the benefit to consumers for getting better prices, and producers will have lesser wastages, and more export would be done, which would benefit the economy as a whole. The big bazaar, Spencer, have also started their subs idiary in India as an unorganized industry. The government authority has also started making liberated policies for the development of economy as a whole (IBEF,2016, India Brand Equity Foundation). Retail Trade in Australia: Whereas in Australia there has been rising trend in consumer demand in ready to eat food, organic products and foods, consumer awareness about packaging and country of manufacture, ingredients. It is expected that Australian e commerce market would be grow at 6.3% and 6.6% growth rate in 2017 and 2018 respectively. Trends shows that there males in Australia are less concerned about shopping at supermarket store as compare to females. Here customers age, occupation, education, influences perception regarding price, cleanliness and promotion rather than the individuals income (IBIS World, knowledge power, 2016). Similarities in retail management between India and Australia: The Indian economy growth has tremendously increased in last two decades by improvement in service sector; in India service sector contributes 50% of the GDP. Similarly Australian economy like as other advanced countries is dominated by service sector. In Australia service sector contributes 70% of the GDP. In India and Australia, supermarkets contains majority of health and well being product and services, health food stores. In both the countries the trend is rising of ready to cook food, home cooked meals (Pma, 2014). Differences in retail management between India and Australia: In case of factory outlets or discount stores, in case of India discount is offered on maximum retail price, so that bulk selling can be done, and economies of scale can be achieved. In Australia it is rare that a customer have not gone to a supermarket for his/her basic needs. Whereas it is rare in India that a customer has gone to supermarket for his/ her basic needs. There is no concept of convenience stores like India (Mortimer,G Clarke,P,.2016). In Australia quality is an important attribute to the product, whereas in India price plays an important role in determining the Products demand (Morgan,R , 2015). In case of department stores, Indias large stores range from 20000-50000 sq. ft. which provides a large variety of consumer needs, like clothing, groceries, home, toys, Whereas in case of supermarkets, Indias supermarkets are located at near residential areas, and they stores approximately 30% of grocery and food items. They can be further divided into two markets. First is mini supermarket which is usually 1000 to 2000 sq ft, and second Is large supermarket having 3500 to 5000 sq ft. in India there is a common trend of convenience stores which is comparatively small to supermarket that is it is usually 400-2000 sq ft., it is usually opened near residential area, it does not have any fixed schedule like it can be opened for 7 days a week, or time can be extended, depends upon the consumers demand. In India agriculture promoted companies are reliance fresh and Field fresh, whereas in Australia it is Woolworths ltd and Wesfarmers ltd. Many international companies like Tommy Hilfiger, Wal Mart, Pizza Hut, subway, have opened their franchisee in India looking at the economic development of the country. The major retailers in India are Future group, RPG Spencer, Westside, and Subhiksha. Apart from that who are upcoming retailers like Wal-Mart, Aditya Birla trinethra, reliance retail are trying their level best to set up their retail business. Indian consumers purchase goods and services on the criteria like income, socio- economic status, age demographics, and geographical dispersion. Challenges and recommendation: The challenges which supermarkets in India have are like low price strategy because Indian consumers are very price sensitive. Therefore to attract consumers marketers have to offer discount and credit facilities. In Australia, it has been found that carcinogenic insecticides, heavy metals, arsenic chemicals, are founded in food and in shelves of the supermarket, and grocery stores (news.com, 2016). Products like Kohinoor brand basmati rice, it contains Buprofezin, which is an insecticide and banned in Australia. Another is Indian spice brand MDH contains pesticides above the accepted Australian limits. Another is betel nut which is banned. But all this products have high demand in India and are kept at a high stock at the stores. In case of Australia consumers apart from quality conscious they are also analytical consumers. There approximately 65% of consumers use technologically updated devices for evaluating and comparing the product and service with its substituted products before shopping and approximately 31% consumers do this while shopping(delliotte,2016). Hence the recommendation is to make high price strategy for the producers, and for consumers is to be quality sensitive for India. Although Indian consumers have started focusing on quality, but it is in very less percentage, hence it does not affect the whole economy. References: Nation master. Com,2016, country vs country: Australia and India compared: economy stats, accessed on 30th December,2016, viewed on https://www.nationmaster.com/country-info/compare/Australia/India/Economy IBIS World, knowledge power, 2016, Supermarkets and grocery stores in Australia: market research report, accessed on 30th December,2016, viewed on https://www.ibisworld.com.au/industry/default.aspx?indid=1834 IBEF, India Brand Equity Foundation, 2016, Retail industry in India, accessed on 30th December, 2016, viewed at https://www.ibef.org/industry/retail-india.aspx Mortimer,G Clarke,P,.2016, accessed on 30th December,2016, viewed at https://www98.griffith.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/handle/10072/41583/73446_1.pdf?sequence=1 Morgan,R,.2016, what makes a supermarket super, accessed on 30th December,2016, viewed at https://www.roymorgan.com/findings/6168-what-makes-a-supermarket-super-201504122309 News.com.au,2016, food warnings,accessed on 30th December, 2016, viewed on https://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/food/food-warnings/investigation-shows-australian-supermarkets-are-selling-dangerous-or-banned-foods/news-story/642cf26b0120eea4dc1e7fdd457a84bb Deliotte, 2016, global powers of retailing 2016 navigating the new digital divide, accessed on 30th December,2016, viewed at https://www2.deloitte.com/au/en/pages/consumer-business/articles/global-powers-of-retailing-2016.html Pma, 2014, Australia consumer and retail trends,accessed on 30th December,2016, viewed at https://www.pma.com/~/media/pma-files/research-and-development/consumer-trends-in-australia.pdf