Definition and Examples of an Antonym in English

An antonym is a word having a meaning opposite to that of another word, such as hot and cold, short and tall. An antonym is the antonym of synonym. Adjective: antonymous. Another word for antonym is counterterm. Antonymy is the sense relation that exists between words which are opposite in meaning. Edward Finnegan defines antonymy as a binary relationship between terms with complementary meanings. Its sometimes said that antonymy occurs most often among adjectives, but  as Steven Jones et al. point out, its more accurate to say that antonym relations are more central to the adjective classes than to other classes. Nouns can be antonyms (for example, courage and cowardice), as can verbs (arrive and depart), adverbs (carefully and carelessly), and even prepositions (above and below).   Examples and Observations You forget what you want to remember and you remember what you want to forget.Every day I remind myself that my inner and outer life are based on the labors of other men, living and dead and that I must exert myself in order to give in the same measure as I have received and am still receiving.Opposition and ParallelismFactors that contribute to particularly good antonym pairings may relate to more than just the two items semantic oppositeness; for instance, the pairing of increase and decrease is supported by their rhyme and the perception of a parallel morphology, as well as their semantic opposition.Three Types of AntonymsLinguists identify three types of antonymy: (1) Gradable antonyms, which operate on a continuum: (very) big, (very) small. Such pairs often occur in binomial phrases with and: (blow) hot and cold, (search) high and low. (2) Complementary antonyms, which express an either/or relationship: dead or alive, male or female. (3) Converse or relational antonyms, expressi ng reciprocity: borrow or lend, buy or sell, wife or husband.The Lighter Side of AntonymsA man in the Land of the Houyhnhnms,Had a large collection of antonyms;He would say, This is great!Theyre in pairs, so they mate,Unlike synonyms, and, of course, homonyms.(W. S. Brownlee) Pronunciation AN-ti-nim Source: Tom McArthur, Antonym. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford Univ. Press, 1992. Steven Jones et al.,  Antonyms in English: Construals, Constructions, and Canonicity. Cambridge University Press, 2012. Albert Einstein, The World As I See It, 1931. Cormac McCarthy, The Road. Knopf, 2006.

Macbeth Influence Of The Supernatural - 2958 Words

Macbeth Essay- Influence of the Supernatural â€Å"The supernatural is the natural not yet understood.† (Elbert Hubbard) Within the realm of Williams Shakespeare’s â€Å"Macbeth†, supernatural elements play a prevalent role throughout the telling of the tragedy. Created in a time period in which fear of the unknown ran high and belief in the supernatural was rampant, the incorporation of mystical components resulted in a compelling story for the people of the Elizabethan era. Moving forward into the modern age, today we can see that the paranormal is not only a captivating aspect of the play, but a crucial piece in determining the end result of the production. Integral to the sequence of events that occur, the supernatural is a motif that acts as a major driving force throughout the play, influencing various themes and subjects. Without it, many of the characters would lack the proper motivation to commit the actions that they did. With the arrival of supernatura l characters, an air of suspense and dramatic atmosphere is created, as all otherworldly beings appear to play a pivotal role in the drama. The Three Witches first appear in Act 1, and from the start, it is evident that they play a crucial role in influencing the actions of characters such as Macbeth and Banquo. This allows the supernatural to have a strong effect on the theme of ambition, as powerful desires to achieve an outcome are invoked within characters following the proclamation of prophecies. In addition, theShow MoreRelated The Influence of the Supernatural in William Shakespeares Macbeth2198 Words   |  9 PagesThe Influence of the Supernatural in William Shakespeares Macbeth Dramatic impact is the effect on the audience. Macbeth is a play designed to be performed for and to involve the audience. Dramatic influence is the way supernatural has effect upon the characters in the play. In Shakespeares time, most people believed in witches and witchcraft and they were the objects of morbid and fevered fascination. Persecution reached terrifying proportions. Between 1560 andRead MoreImportance Of Shakespeare s Macbeth 1519 Words   |  7 Pages Importance of the Witches in Macbeth by William Shakespeare Throughout all of history, witches are known for practicing magic and creating prophecies to predict any future. In any scene involving witches, it is important to know their role in the play, whether they change the outcome of the play or simply influenced it, and the supernatural features the play comes along with in its time. In No Fear Shakespeare Macbeth by William Shakespeare, the play starts out withRead MoreThe Supernatural Evil Within Lady Macbeth in Shakespeare’s Macbeth1561 Words   |  6 Pagesgenders. With this in mind, Shakespeare’s Macbeth heightens the supernatural evil possessing Lady Macbeth as she condones murder for her own selfish ambition, while in Shakespeare’s time women were regarded as peaceful and full of feminine sympathies. This anachronism with the reality of Shakespeare’s day, illustrates the immense sense of wickedness and abnormality emphasizing her character’s influence on her husband and the plot of the p lay. In contrast, Macbeth appears to some extent a more acceptableRead MoreAnalysis Of The Tragedy Of Macbeth1207 Words   |  5 Pages The ‘Tragedy of Macbeth’ (also known as ‘Macbeth’) is a play written by William Shakespeare and it was first performed in 1606. This play presents plenty of themes through the action and dialogue throughout the play. Although the play is universally and most commonly referred to as the dark tragedy presented by Shakespeare. The most common themes that were introduced to the audience tend to be femininity versus masculinity, pride and honor, the role of supernatural, temptation and evil and a lotRead MoreSupernatural Malevolence In Macbeth Essay958 Words   |  4 Pages The Supernatural Malevolence in Macbeth In William Shakespeare’s time, around the 1600’s, the idea that the supernatural existed was very common. It often can be found in his works, as he has a weakness for dark themes and tragedies. In Macbeth, an impressionable, Scottish General goes to great lengths in order to achieve the title of The King. Witchcraft looms incessantly throughout the play, creating destruction and decay in its path. The supernatural that lingers over Macbeth has a vitalRead MoreSupernatural Elements In Shakespeares Macbeth1305 Words   |  6 PagesPowerful Influences: Supernatural Elements in Macbeth How might one’s power be altered if influenced by a mystical power? In William Shakespeare’s Macbeth, unearthly presences can control an individual’s perspective on authority. Firstly, the support of a supernatural premonition will augment one’s desire for power. Secondly, the intervention of sinister prophecies changes an individual’s perspective on authority. Finally, God’s divine will impact one’s view on a supposedly corrupt sovereignty.Read MoreEssay On Supernatural Manipulation In Macbeth773 Words   |  4 PagesThe play, Macbeth, is established around the central idea that once you have completely abandoned your mind, morals, and being you lose everything you have. It is clear that the acts committed by the conflicted and mislead Macbeth, have the potential to shatter him as a mortal, such is the overall theme of Macbeth. But, when contemplating the presence of the unnatural forces in the play it is difficult to truly deciphe r what is meant by their intentions. The intervention of the supernatural evidentlyRead MoreMacbeth Themes899 Words   |  4 Pages â€Å"What are the major themes in Macbeth† By Connor Maguire William Shakespeare’s Macbeth a play complete with many themes and viewpoints. The themes are exhibited by the main characters of the play, notably antagonist Macbeth. Themes seen in the play include ambition, where is is portrayed as both dangerous and unnatural. However, it does exist in both good and evil forms in the play. Another theme seen is whether Macbeths actions in the play are a result of fate, or free will. Although outsideRead MoreEssay on Superstition in William Shakespeares Macbeth1284 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Shakespeares Macbeth Throughout Elizabethan times, Witches and witchcraft were considered to be in existence. Seeing a large proportion of the female community being condemned to death, which involved either drowning, hanging or being burnt at the stake was quite plausible at this time. Such savage practices were urged on by macabre and fevered fantasy of the supernatural. In my essay I intendRead MoreSupernatural Elements Of Macbeth By William Shakespeare1076 Words   |  5 PagesSupernatural Forces In Macbeth 1)Even today people struggle with whether or not to believe in supernatural forces, such as ghosts or witchcraft, but those who would admit that they let the supernatural guide their behaviors and predict their futures would be harder to find. 2) Shakespeare’s play, Macbeth, takes place during medieval times when many people believed strongly in the presence and power of witchcraft and in the supernatural. 3) In Macbeth, Shakespeare uses three witches, a floating dagger

Kenaf Free Essays

Kenaf composites experience a number of damage modes under dynamic compression loading. Therefore, in order to understand the overall behavior of the Kenaf composite, it is necessary to identify the different types of impact damage that occurred. Damage of composites such as cracking constituents usually occur and are not totally visible. We will write a custom essay sample on Kenaf or any similar topic only for you Order Now To understand it, examination and analysis of specimens are needed. Microscope observation was used to observe the morphology of fractures of tested samples. This technique has been largely considered in various investigations of composites. The observed images of the fractured specimens under dynamic compressive test are shown in figure 9. On the top surface, it can be seen that the impact damage spreads throughout the specimen. These damage modes include degradation of the fiber/matrix bond strength and eventual debonding, matrix cracks, and fiber splitting, resulting in overall stiffness and strength degradation of the composite. This failure of the matrix material can originate from various loading conditions. In all cases, cracks initiate or propagate within the matrix or at the interface between fiber and matrix, if the respective loading condition of normal stresses or shear stresses exceeds the local strength of the matrix or interface, respectively. While bulk of the failure involves cracking of matrix, or interface debonding, fiber splitting may occur especially if fiber itself is weak in transverse direction, and the unidirectional composite is highly aligned in transverse direction. Referring to Fig. 7, longitudinal ply splitting or matrix fractures parallel to the fibre direction occurs and extends from the top and to the bottom surfaces. So, at the moment of impact, stress concentration is generated at the contact point where the matrix cracks and fiber bundles split. On the one hand, the stress wave propagates along the fiber direction, the fiber bundles act as the main load-bearing object, and fewer cracks can be seen along the longitudinal direction. Moreover, Figs. 9 shows a higher extent of fiber splitting and bending, which confirmed lower fiber-matrix adhesion, also indicates fibers were carrying higher load share than matrix (Ku et al. 2011).Based on the results of the experimental investigation, bonding at the fiber-matrix interface is identified as the dominant compressive failure mechanism in Kenaf composites which controlling the mechanical performance. Previous study have also shown that debonding of the fiber/matrix interface has caused substantial degradation in the transverse response of a composite, resulting in an early degradation in the stress-strain curve [33]. Besides, multiaxial tests conducted by Lissenden, et al. [34] on SiCTi tubular specimens revealed that fiber/matrix interfacial debonding plays an important role in the axial shear response. The mechanical properties of natural fibre reinforced composites highly depend on the interface adhesion property between the fibres and the polymer matrix as have been reported by many researchers [5–8] How to cite Kenaf, Papers

Retailing in Asian Pacific Region

Question: Discuss about the Retailing in Asian Pacific Region. Answer: Introduction: This Report outlays the retail management between two countries that are India and Australia. It has been discussed about the retail trade similarities between India and Australia, and in what ways they are similar. After that it has been discussed that in what ways these countries differ in retail trade, and in what ways they differ. In retail trade there are markets like, supermarket/ hypermarket, convenience market, department store and various more, which are discussed in detail below. Australia has GDP of $1.34 trillion, and has 12th rank in the world, whereas India has GDP of $2.1trillion, and has rank 7th in the world (Nation master. Com,2016). Retail Trade in India: According to Global Retail Development Index (GRDI) it is expected in 2020 Indian retail market would be approximately US$1trillion from US$600 billion. With the increase in internet users in India it is expected to be India as the worlds largest e-commerce market (ibef). There have been seen unorganized trend in India retail outlets. There are approximately 5 million outlets but most of them are unorganized. It has also been seen that most of the retail outlets are smaller in the area as compare to the standards set by the retail trade organization. Organized sector usually consists of activities which are undertaken through license like who are sales tax payers, income tax payers. While the unorganized sector consists of shops, handicrafts, etc. This has laid down the benefit to consumers for getting better prices, and producers will have lesser wastages, and more export would be done, which would benefit the economy as a whole. The big bazaar, Spencer, have also started their subs idiary in India as an unorganized industry. The government authority has also started making liberated policies for the development of economy as a whole (IBEF,2016, India Brand Equity Foundation). Retail Trade in Australia: Whereas in Australia there has been rising trend in consumer demand in ready to eat food, organic products and foods, consumer awareness about packaging and country of manufacture, ingredients. It is expected that Australian e commerce market would be grow at 6.3% and 6.6% growth rate in 2017 and 2018 respectively. Trends shows that there males in Australia are less concerned about shopping at supermarket store as compare to females. Here customers age, occupation, education, influences perception regarding price, cleanliness and promotion rather than the individuals income (IBIS World, knowledge power, 2016). Similarities in retail management between India and Australia: The Indian economy growth has tremendously increased in last two decades by improvement in service sector; in India service sector contributes 50% of the GDP. Similarly Australian economy like as other advanced countries is dominated by service sector. In Australia service sector contributes 70% of the GDP. In India and Australia, supermarkets contains majority of health and well being product and services, health food stores. In both the countries the trend is rising of ready to cook food, home cooked meals (Pma, 2014). Differences in retail management between India and Australia: In case of factory outlets or discount stores, in case of India discount is offered on maximum retail price, so that bulk selling can be done, and economies of scale can be achieved. In Australia it is rare that a customer have not gone to a supermarket for his/her basic needs. Whereas it is rare in India that a customer has gone to supermarket for his/ her basic needs. There is no concept of convenience stores like India (Mortimer,G Clarke,P,.2016). In Australia quality is an important attribute to the product, whereas in India price plays an important role in determining the Products demand (Morgan,R , 2015). In case of department stores, Indias large stores range from 20000-50000 sq. ft. which provides a large variety of consumer needs, like clothing, groceries, home, toys, Whereas in case of supermarkets, Indias supermarkets are located at near residential areas, and they stores approximately 30% of grocery and food items. They can be further divided into two markets. First is mini supermarket which is usually 1000 to 2000 sq ft, and second Is large supermarket having 3500 to 5000 sq ft. in India there is a common trend of convenience stores which is comparatively small to supermarket that is it is usually 400-2000 sq ft., it is usually opened near residential area, it does not have any fixed schedule like it can be opened for 7 days a week, or time can be extended, depends upon the consumers demand. In India agriculture promoted companies are reliance fresh and Field fresh, whereas in Australia it is Woolworths ltd and Wesfarmers ltd. Many international companies like Tommy Hilfiger, Wal Mart, Pizza Hut, subway, have opened their franchisee in India looking at the economic development of the country. The major retailers in India are Future group, RPG Spencer, Westside, and Subhiksha. Apart from that who are upcoming retailers like Wal-Mart, Aditya Birla trinethra, reliance retail are trying their level best to set up their retail business. Indian consumers purchase goods and services on the criteria like income, socio- economic status, age demographics, and geographical dispersion. Challenges and recommendation: The challenges which supermarkets in India have are like low price strategy because Indian consumers are very price sensitive. Therefore to attract consumers marketers have to offer discount and credit facilities. In Australia, it has been found that carcinogenic insecticides, heavy metals, arsenic chemicals, are founded in food and in shelves of the supermarket, and grocery stores (news.com, 2016). Products like Kohinoor brand basmati rice, it contains Buprofezin, which is an insecticide and banned in Australia. Another is Indian spice brand MDH contains pesticides above the accepted Australian limits. Another is betel nut which is banned. But all this products have high demand in India and are kept at a high stock at the stores. In case of Australia consumers apart from quality conscious they are also analytical consumers. There approximately 65% of consumers use technologically updated devices for evaluating and comparing the product and service with its substituted products before shopping and approximately 31% consumers do this while shopping(delliotte,2016). Hence the recommendation is to make high price strategy for the producers, and for consumers is to be quality sensitive for India. Although Indian consumers have started focusing on quality, but it is in very less percentage, hence it does not affect the whole economy. References: Nation master. Com,2016, country vs country: Australia and India compared: economy stats, accessed on 30th December,2016, viewed on https://www.nationmaster.com/country-info/compare/Australia/India/Economy IBIS World, knowledge power, 2016, Supermarkets and grocery stores in Australia: market research report, accessed on 30th December,2016, viewed on https://www.ibisworld.com.au/industry/default.aspx?indid=1834 IBEF, India Brand Equity Foundation, 2016, Retail industry in India, accessed on 30th December, 2016, viewed at https://www.ibef.org/industry/retail-india.aspx Mortimer,G Clarke,P,.2016, accessed on 30th December,2016, viewed at https://www98.griffith.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/handle/10072/41583/73446_1.pdf?sequence=1 Morgan,R,.2016, what makes a supermarket super, accessed on 30th December,2016, viewed at https://www.roymorgan.com/findings/6168-what-makes-a-supermarket-super-201504122309 News.com.au,2016, food warnings,accessed on 30th December, 2016, viewed on https://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/food/food-warnings/investigation-shows-australian-supermarkets-are-selling-dangerous-or-banned-foods/news-story/642cf26b0120eea4dc1e7fdd457a84bb Deliotte, 2016, global powers of retailing 2016 navigating the new digital divide, accessed on 30th December,2016, viewed at https://www2.deloitte.com/au/en/pages/consumer-business/articles/global-powers-of-retailing-2016.html Pma, 2014, Australia consumer and retail trends,accessed on 30th December,2016, viewed at https://www.pma.com/~/media/pma-files/research-and-development/consumer-trends-in-australia.pdf

Why I Want To Enter College Essays - , Term Papers

Why I Want To Enter College Since this topic was left open-ended I shall write about my reasons for wanting to enter your college. During my years of school I have found only one thing to stand out above the others, my interest in computers. This interest has grown throughout the years and has lead me to desire career in the computing industry. To expand on this I have decided upon becoming a computer engineer and enter a career field that I think would be both fun and profitable. After searching though many college books I settled upon this school because it met my criteria for a school. I have heard from several people that At say I would be the best student you could have, but I can say I will try the hardest to accomplish that status. Acceptance Essays

8 Ways to Make a Terrible First Impression

8 Ways to Make a Terrible First Impression You know how important the first impression is. That’s why it can be really easy to screw it up- even if you only screw it up by trying too hard. Here are a few ways to really make a belly flop of your first impression. Study them and make sure to pivot in another direction! 1. Try Too HardWe know you want to be memorable. So do they. If you’re too witty, too eager, too high energy; if you finish your interviewer’s sentences or jump in too quickly with a personal anecdote or some sidebar to explain some aspect of your resume; if you’re generally just too RIGHT THERE rather than making an effort to listen to your conversation partner rather than perform†¦ then you’re trying too hard. And whomever you’re talking too is probably more tired than intrigued.2. Being Too â€Å"Different†If you’re laboring to point out your personal quirks in a transparent effort to set yourself apart from the crowd, you might actually be doing you rself a disservice. There’s nothing wrong with being average or above average. You don’t have to shout how unique you are at every conversational turn.3. Bad Body LanguageHow you carry yourself matters, too. Try not to cross your arms across your chest. Make sure to smile and make eye contact- as failure to do both can make you seem hostile and untrustworthy. And whatever you do, be respectful of others’ personal space. Don’t be the space invader.4. InappropriatenessDon’t gossip.  You’ll come off looking terrible. And don’t make rude or inappropriate jokes- particularly off-color ones or potentially political or bigoted ones either. No one will want to get to know you better if you’re rude or racist.5. RudenessIf you keep checking your watch- or worse, staring at your phone the entire time, then you deserve to make a bad impression. Grow up. Put your devices down and be present for the five minutes it takes to make a good imp ression.6. OversharingDon’t try to forge instant intimacy by sharing all the intimate details of your life. Your personal history should stay at least a little personal for the first 10 minutes of a new connection. And you never know when you might put your foot in your mouth because of not knowing anything about the other person’s personal history. Also, you and this person have literally just met. How can you be sure they’re trustworthy?7. NosinessOn the other hand, don’t ask a bunch of nosy personal questions to try and find out that other person’s intimate personal history. Let that stuff happen naturally over time as the relationship builds. If you even make it out of the conversation with a relationship to build, that is.8. SteamrollingThis includes filling every silence with chatter†¦ and assuming the other person agrees with you about everything you say, and then ranting on and on about it. Take a moment to step back and give your conv ersation partners some space to speak. Try listening for once and don’t be too stingy to relinquish your spot in the driver’s seat.

Bottling Company Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Bottling Company - Case Study Example The above parameters are calculated using Excel built in functions. The mean and median are very close to each other; it shows that the data do not have skews. Standard deviation of sampling data are small, which states that values are close to the mean. In statistics, the population mean is measured through the sample mean. Statistics uses a concept called confidence interval in order to calculate a population mean. This assignment uses a 95% confidence interval to evaluate a range of the population mean. The confidence interval, in this case, is measured using method of unknown mean and unknown standard deviation of the population. The range is achieved using the central tendency values and the critical value of t, and SE. The critical value is calculated using Excel formula T.INV.2T(0.05,29); where 0.05 is the significance level of 95% confidence interval, 29 is the degree of freedom, df = n-1. The t critical = 2.045. The term SE is called standard error; it is calculated using formula STDV / sqrt (n). In this case, SE = 0.1. The upper limit of the interval = X mean + t*SE = 14.87+2.045*0.1=15.08. The lower limit of the interval is X mean +t.*SE = 14.87-2.045*0.1 = 14.66. Thus, the 95% confidence interval is (14.66, 15.08). In this case, customer’s complaint is that the soda in the bottle is less than 16 ounces; however, the company claims that the soda in the bottle is 16 ounces. These two statements give the basis for the hypothesis test (â€Å"What is hypothesis testing†, n.d.). The alternate hypothesis is the population mean is less than 16 ounces; null is the population mean is equal or greater than 16 ounces. The significance level of the test is 5%. Based on the alternative statement, it is advised to conduct a left tail test of mean; for this purpose test statistics is defined as t = (x mean - ÃŽ ¼) / SE = (14.87-16.0) / 0.1 = - 11.25. Based on degree of freedom, df = 29 and significance level

Proposal outline Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Outline - Research Proposal Example Millions of citizens probably could be out of employment. Therefore, countries wishing for high employment levels can do this only via changes in investment magnitude, which will in turn increase national income. The independent variable in the research study is the wellbeing of the population while the dependent variable will involve the national income level and its determinants. The independent variable will change with varying levels of employment and investment that determine the national income level. Most of the data on the determinants is to be found in literary works, and government records, therefore, there will be minimal reliance on data from professional practice. This will necessitate qualitative research to integrate document analysis into the research design. The research will be interested in identifying the determinants of national income and the way the income correlates with the population’s national wellbeing. Through combining with data on population, national income, can give a clear measure of wellbeing based on the country’s per capita income, as well as its growth with time. National income can also be combined with data on the country’s labor force in the assessment of productivity’s level and rate of growth. National income could also give, in combination with monetary and financial data, a guide to the country’s level of inflation. The study’s conclusion reveals that in the presence of full equilibrium of employment scarce resources can be allocated to alternative employments, as well as preservation of free enterprise, which would see income being distributed on input market pricing factors. This would come with appropriate safeguards for the disadvantaged, which would improve general wellbeing of majority of the population. The necessary determinants were provided that could be used to explain the manner

Scientific article review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Scientific article review - Essay Example The immune system is one of the bodies most important functions, as well as one of the bodies still most mysterious. However, great scientific advancements are being made, as can be read about in several different articles.One article deals with the immune system and its part in MS. It discusses several new important breakthrough in figuring out why the immune system attacks the brain and spinal chord, and how this can be contained.One important new breakthrough is the discovery of "T-regs", a cell that regulates T-Cells (Inner Conflict). These cells stop T-Cells from jumping to attack, and can be helpful in stopping T-Cells from attacking body self cells. The Tregs of people with MS don't function as well as those of people who do not have the disease. Currently, research is being done as to why this is, and what can be done about it( Inner Conflict).Another filed of research is in using hormones to help slow down the advancement of the disease. Using estriol, a form of estrogen on women, and Androgel, a testosterone gel on me, seems to help slow down the brain tissue loss from the disease, as well as improving in bodily functions(Inner Conflict).Another huge development in the immune system field was the discovery of a Orai 1, a protein that controls the immune system's calcium channel(An Immune). This protein has been looked for for decades, and finally finding it has sparked great interest. If drugs were developed that could block this protein for example, a drug could combat the effects of many different types of autoimmune diseases

System Analyst Skills and Knowledge

System Analyst Skills and Knowledge There is no doubt that information system analyst is playing an increasingly important role in most of the successful system project development. To achieve this, information system analyst must possess a wide range of qualities which involves appropriate skills and abilities as well as sufficient knowledge in the implementing system of users supports and functioning of business. It has to be considered that information system analyst carries responsibilities to analyse and understands the complex needs of human resources, people skills, technical understanding and process facilitation and it is basically applied from the first day of the system projects existence. It is crucial for every information system analyst to have dynamic project teams which are not static and unchanging as to ensure that they are able to articulate the needs that are associated with the key problem to be solved or opportunity to be realized. There are also several barriers exist in gathering and interpretin g of project information that needs to be concerned by information system analyst as this will affect the results of the project and the effectiveness of system development. This paper is critically emphasized on the skills and knowledge of an information system analysts and how these skills and knowledge have impacted in the successful in system project development. The structure of the paper will begin with the introduction, terminologies section, most important skills and competencies for a system analyst, other important requirements as well as a conclusion as the summarization of the whole topic. 1.0 INTRODUCTION Initially, information system analyst is highly necessary to run a system project. Without information system knowledge and appropriate skill set, it is hardly to achieve projects goals. There are various formal and informal roles that system analyst play in creating successful. In short, every system analyst in project has their own responsibilities that carry both formal and informal task and sometimes they are also assigned to run in big or small project concurrently based on the project requirements to achieve project successfulness. Essentially, system analyst plays an important role in the process of system development life cycle tasks which involved project planning, analysis, design, implementation and support process. Each process requires system analyst to perform different task and they must possess a wide range of skills with sufficient knowledge. This is important as system development is very difficult activity that needs very careful planning, control and execution. With the emergence of information technology, system has become increasingly role in most of the organization. In fact, a good system becomes the solely sustainable advantage for organizations to gain a winning position in todays highly competitive world. Parallel with that, the task of system analyst becomes more difficult because they have to deal with different organization with different requirements. According to Misic and Graf (2004), system analyst perform their job is characterized by constant change where the change of the environment and uncertainty places forces the system analyst to regularly and consistently update their task and activities. Meaning here, the system analyst should be able to adapt to the environmental changes. For that, a system analyst has to learn the culture or environment for every organization that they assigned to develop a system in order for them to effectively perform their job and meet the projects goals. In addition, they also need to have ful l understanding of system development and try to apply it within the organization with the support of knowledge and skills as it is very important and necessary to ensure the organization gain value and outperform rivals. Numerous articles have been written about system analyst skills and knowledge by many authors. Various authors have expressed different opinions on the skills that should be possessed by a system analyst such as analytical, technical, managerial and interpersonal or communication skills. There are two key skills that are needed to perform system analysis task, fact-finding for the investigation of system requirements and modelling of business process based on the system requirements (Satzinger, Jackson and Burd, 2009). Therefore, the purpose of this article is to provide thorough information on the aspects of tasks, knowledge and important skills of todays system analyst as well as to identify the impact of these aspects towards the effectiveness of system development. 2.0 DEFINITION OF KEY TERMS: SYSTEM ANALYST, KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS There are several of definition of a system analyst have been identified by many professionals. The meaning of the terms may vary from various authors depending to business process, workflow and discipline where it is used; however, the concept of a system analyst remains the same. According to Dennis and Wixom (2003), system analyst can be defined as the individuals who generate ideas and suggestions for how information technology can improve business processes, define new processes with the help of a business analyst, design a new information system and ensure that all the standard information systems maintained. In contrast, Whitten and Bentley (2007) have defined system analyst as a specialist who are responsible in identifying and study the organization problems and needs as to determine how people, data, processes and information technology can contributes to the business developments. Some people get confused the meaning between system analyst and computer programmer. Basically, system analyst is not a computer programmer; he or she is individuals that decided what form of information technology to be used in the development of a system, whereas a computer programmer is individuals which are responsible in putting appropriate instructions with specific code into computer system. However, both Information System professionals have a similar skills needed in system development, which is emphasized on technical skills (Patrick Chang Boon Lee, 2002). Systems analyst and computer programmer are related in some way or another, but they are not exactly the same. Systems analyst requires different skills. Instead, computer programmer is focused on a particular emphasis of the study. Systems analyst and computer programmer like other professions were forced to have a sense of ethics. As viewed by Kagan and Sobolo (1987), systems analyst job involves analysis of the problem or need information on the organization and resolve the problem through the design of an efficient pattern of information flow from the source data into the computer. In different point of views by Green (1989), system analysts are service providers who are work closely with users as to define, develop and implement computer based system in order to meet business and other requirements. The involvement of users is required to help the system analyst to do analysis and synthesis tasks on a particular system. Almost similar with Misic and Graf (2002) views, system analyst acts as problem solver where they work closely with users and management in collecting and analyzing information on current and/or future computer-based system. Information system knowledge and appropriate skills for effective tasks and duties is needed to be an excellent system analyst. Several authors reviewed knowledge as an actionable or relevant information available in the right format at the right time and at the right place for decision making. In other words, people seek knowledge because it assists them to improve performance and succeed in their work. Knowledge also is the most precious therapy for complexity and uncertainty. Further, the process of system development depends heavily on knowledge so that, by having right knowledge, organization can produce a good decision making with producing good product and services to ensure meet the business requirements. In the case of information systems, knowledge can be referred to as content or technical information needed to do an adequate job and is usually acquired through formal education, on job training and information media such as the manuals (Cheney, Hale and Kasper, 1990). Meanwhile, skills are referred to the specific psychomotor processes necessary to meet the current requirements of job a specific job. Skills also include facilities to choose from between the repertoire of action that may be most appropriate for their specific actions (Cheney, Hale and Kasper, 1990). Environmental projects may differ from organization to organization and project to project, however, some skills will help in almost any environmental project. These skills include understanding the changes and understand how the organization works within the social, political and physical. Important to realize, understanding the importance of system analyst activities and the related skills and knowledge may be critical in successful of system development. 3.0 MOST IMPORTANT SKILLS AND COMPETENCIES FOR SYSTEM ANALYST The system analyst needs certain skills to conduct system development. They need the skills to do systems analysis and design, where they have to understand what stakeholders (users, clients and technical staffs) need as to analyze the flow of data or enter data in a systematic, process or transform data, store data, and output information in the specific context of the business (Kendell and Kendell, 2010). Systems analysts aim to improve and develop information systems and information technology to get the best benefits for business especially in solving the business problems. Essentially, job skills support the core information system capabilities to determine the effective exploitation of technology innovation for IT organizations (Lerogue, Newton and Blanton, 2005). There are number of opinions that describe the skills that system analyst should possessed to be successful. Following is the most important skills and competencies for system analyst as pointed by various authors. Analytical skills According to Misic and Graf (2002) in their article entitled System analyst and skills in the millennium, analytical skills were considered the most important skills in the system development. Analytical skills can be defined as the ability to examine things critically and/or minutely, to separate the clear picture into its individual components (Misic and Graf, 2002). As indicated by Misic and Graf (2002), these skills provide the primary basis for an individual to adapt to changes in technology and by focusing on the development of their current employees and / or recruiting new employees that strong analytical skills of focusing mainly on a technical background, management information system will form a team development to be successful today and also in the face of the next wave of inevitable change and stress in their technological procedures. They also indicated that, this skill is applied in defining and analyzing requirements and insuring the fit within the organizations info rmation system environment. In other hand, analytical skills were involved in the analysis process where it is the task to understand the whole of something by breaking it down into important components. By understanding its components and how they fit together in a larger whole, it leads to understand the whole better. Analytical skill requires a system analyst to precisely in defining the problems. It is a fact that, knowing how to define a problem is a tough part. They have to find a way to break things into elements and utilize those elements to understand the real situations. The system analyst tasks might involve visualizing, articulating, and solving complex problems and concepts, and making sensible decisions based on information available. Analytical skills assist the system analyst to figure out the needs of the organizations and then try to satisfy those needs with a new system development. The growing use of technology has become a major part of the organization around the world. This led to the making the task of properly defines the problem ever more difficult. The system analyst has to be more precise in defining the problem besides determining the scope of a new system. This is the task where, system analysts have to properly define the possible problem and the target where they aim to hit. Important to know that, if the problem is wrongly identified it may impact on the system development, such as the new system will not well known, more time needed to do some research on a new system and many possible issues might be occurred. In contrast, if the problems are well identified with the analytical skill is applied to do this; the solutions to the particular problem are usually straightforward. Furthermore, to ensure the problem is precisely identified, systems analysts need to analyze and address the available information, to know what information sources are good, to be able to access and to make effective use in developing a new system. Identifying very clearly defined and specific problem is an important step to successfully implement the first solution. Interpersonal skills and communication skills Interpersonal and communication skills are other skills that required by every system analyst. Such skills are required at various stages of the development process for interacting with the users and try to identify their requirements in order to find out possible solutions to that particular problem. Interpersonal skills are related with individual skills needed to interact with individuals that associated with an IS project. In other words, interpersonal skills also can be referred as a behaviour and attitudes of individual, interpersonal communication and group behaviour in the IS context (Lerouge, Newton and Blanton, 2005). According to Lerouge, Newton and Blanton, (2005) in their study, IS managers have viewed these skills as the most important set skills for a system analyst in affecting IS success, whereas, for CIOs and end users indicated that technical skills were the most vital skills in successful of system development. Several authors indicated that behavioural, social, c ommunication and soft skills are sometimes referred to interpersonal skills as its characteristic represents individual behaviours such as articulating and speaking skills to interact with the users, ability to work in team such as programmers, analysts and other system professionals, personal motivation and working independently, good listener, ability to write and many more. Based on Odini (1991), interpersonal skills are term use to describe variety of social and communicative skills that involve two way communication skills, styles of positive behavior, leadership and teamwork and understanding of human behavior and interpersonal relationships in terms of interaction with relevant individuals. In contrast, Misic and Graf (2004) have distinguished interpersonal and communication skills into two different categories. Interpersonal skills are the ability to interact with other workers including end users, other system analyst, managers and outside vendors, meanwhile, communication skills is referred to the ability of people to effectively write and speak clearly, able to summarize document and that document must be understandable to the users. Most of company IT based found that interpersonal skills or communication skills in both speaking and writing and ability to work in team are very important and necessary to carry out their task. System analyst need to have communication skills as they are required to write users requirements into technical specifications. It is a fact that, good communication skill is significance to help the system analyst to interact with users in order to identify their needs, to interact with system designers to assist them in developing of system interface as well as to communicate with the system developer as to keep track of system development. According to Green (1989), system analysts believe that they must rely on behavioral skills to effectively interact with user during the crucial stages of problem definition and analysis. As indicated by Misic and Graf (2004), if system analyst is able to interact well with users, it shows that he or she has ability to work with members of project team . Moreover, system analyst should spend time getting close to the diverse stakeholders such as users, client and technical staffs in order to obtain information as they are the group of people who will use a new system and will benefit most from it. Generally, interpersonal skill is a significant factor in the success of system analyst in developing system. The excellent system analyst is involved in every aspect of the system development process, and is actively involved in the interaction design for the system. They have an understanding of the various ways the stakeholder need to interact with the system, understand the different needs and to identify the different aspects of design that will work for different stakeholders. Based on Green (1989), management must recognize that successful system development depends on both behavioral and technical skills. He added that, training to improve behavioral skills such as interviewing and listening is needed. This is because they have to interact with many groups of people in various businesses where this group of people provides valuable insights to ensure the system satisfies the business needs. Besides, systems analysts also liaise with almost every department of the business that is involved in solving the system problem. In addition, management must also provide an orientation program for the users involved in new projects. This program is mainly about the specific activities of system development and related skills needs for analysis. This program may facilitate the improvement of interaction skills and promoting greater consumer awareness of the importance of behavioral skills for systems development functions (Green, 1989). Technical skills There is no doubt that technical skills are areas commonly considered major to the computer related profession including system analyst. According to Misic and Graf (2004) technical skills are the ability to use techniques such as the development of systems of functional decomposition, data flow diagrams, process specifications, object-oriented analysis, data modeling, computer programming, hardware and software knowledge and other tools that are recognized to help in the development of system. In different point of views, Gallagher et. al (2010) indicated that technical skills can be divided into three major categories, foundational skills, operational skills and essential skills. Table 1, shows some of the technical skills that need to be possessed by every IT professionals. Table 1: Technical Skills Foundational Skills Operational Skills Essential Skills Programming System testing Desktop Support/ Helpdesk Database Design / Management Operating Systems Voice / Data Telecommunications Operations Service Hosting Continuity / Discovery Planning Mainframe / Legacy Systems Analysis Systems Design IT Architectures / Standard Source: Adapted from Gallagher et. al (2010) Based on the above table, it can be assumed that system analyst requires all three technical skills as to stay competitive with todays dynamic environment especially in the emergence of internet and intranet technologies. This rapid change in technology forced the system analyst to prepare and focuses on the system analysis and development of system by mastering all relevant technical skills. Foundation skills are skills to be obtained in advance by system analysts for their basic knowledge before they can further develop to a higher level of skills. Whereas as indicated by Gallagher et. al (2010), operational skills often in particular, but they are usually not firm-specific. Though, they may be specific to technology providers such as, IBM mainframes or Microsoft server products. These skills are important to solve problems that are related to the computers and both hardware and software. Meanwhile, essential skills are the most important skills in assisting system analyst to perfo rm in analyzing and designing of system development. There are changes in the system analyst technical skill set due to the development of technology. Haga et. al (2007), have defined technical skills set that are listed in the job bank into three major categories, there are, database skills, operating system skills and other miscellaneous skills. Table 2, summarizes the technical skills required for a system analyst listed in the job bank. All these skills are crucial for them to operate and Table 1: Technical skills required for system analyst listed in the job bank. Database Skills Operating System Skills Other Miscellaneous Skills Oracle SQL PL/SQL Database DB2 SQL Server Powerbuilder Sysbase Data Mining/ Data Warehousing Informix Delpi UNIX/LINUX Win NT Win 95/98/2000 AS400/ OS400 Mainframe JCL Novell Sun Solaris DOS MAC OS MS Office Internet/ Intranet Development Networking/Telecom SAP Accounting (pay-roll, etc) Peoplesoft Tech Support/ Help Desk ERP Lotus Notes uml Crystal Reports Vision Source: Adapted from Haga et. al (2007)

Jim Crow Laws Essay -- civil war, supremacy, black people

â€Å"Jim Crow Laws were statutes and ordinances established between 1874 and 1975 to separate the white and black races in the American South. In theory, it was to create "separate but equal" treatment, but in practice Jim Crow Laws condemned black citizens to inferior treatment and facilities.† The Jim Crows Laws created tensions and disrespect towards blacks from whites. These laws separated blacks and whites from each other and shows how race determines how an individual is treated. The Jim Crow laws are laws that are targeted towards black people. These laws determine how an individual is treated by limiting their education, having specific places where blacks and whites could or could not go, and the punishments for the â€Å"crime† committed. What are the Jim Crow Laws? They are a series of rules and precautions that are directed towards blacks and do not always mean that black people agree with the Jim Crow Laws. First passed in the North, long before the Civil War, such laws were based on the theory of white supremacy. In the depression-racked 1890s, racism appealed to whites who feared losing their jobs to blacks. (A Brief History of the Jim Crow Laws). The Supreme Court decided that public facilities would be separated by black and white soon to be called â€Å"separate but equal†, 1896. Then two years later the court would determine that black men could not vote, the Southern states began to limit the voting right to those who owned property or could read well, to those whose grandfathers had been able to vote, to those with â€Å"good characters,† to those who paid poll taxes. Guess what, this meant that only one percent could pass these new laws. These laws touched everyone. Blacks and whites co uld not work in the same ro... ...ks Cited â€Å"A Brief History of Jim Crow† 30 April 2014 http://www.crf-usa.org/black-history-month/a-brief-history-of-jim-crow â€Å"Jim Crow Laws† 1 May. 2014 http://www.gwu.edu/~erpapers/teachinger/glossary/jim-crow-laws.cfm â€Å"Jim Crow Laws.† 23 April. 2014. http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h1559.html â€Å"Jim Crow Laws-Martin Luther King Jr. National Historic Site.† 22 April. 2014. http://www.nps.gov/malu/forteachers/jim_crow_laws.htm â€Å"National Council of Negro Women.† 28. April 2014 http://www.ncnw.org/about/bethune.htm â€Å"Separate is Not Equal.† 24 April. 2014. http://americanhistory.si.edu/brown/history/1-segregated/jim-crow.html â€Å"The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow.† 22 April. 2014 http://www.pbs.org/wnet/jimcrow â€Å"What was Jim Crow† 1 May. 2014 http://www.ferris.edu/jimcrow/what.htm